The payment system of India and the relevant legislation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2007 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Topics: India Essay Did you like this example? Introduction The development of a country depends upon the financial stability of that country. The government or central authority of country formulates the schemes which can work efficiently and adequately for the proper functioning of the financial sector of a country. The financial sector of India has undergone drastic change in the last two decades. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The payment system of India and the relevant legislation" essay for you Create order Payment plays a vital role in the financial sector and it is considered as indispensable part in everyday transactions. A payment system is a mechanism that facilitates transfer of value between a payer and a beneficiary by which the payer discharges the payment obligations to the beneficiary.[1] The payment and settlement system serve as a backbone of financial system of a country.[2] Payment increases the GDP of the country therefore the payment system of country should be safe, secure, efficient and accessible. A safe and efficient payment and settlement system is sine qua non for the proper functioning of the financial system and it also plays an important role in the implementation of monetary policy as they provide conduit through which policy signals are transmitted.[3] Generally the central bank of any country works for the development of national payment system. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), like other central banks, has been endeavoring to develop the payment and sett lement system in India on a safe, sound, secure and efficient basis.[4] The Indian payment system is based on the paper- transaction but with the changing time the situation has changed. An alternative method of payment has been encouraged by reserve Bank of India which will make the process of banking system easier and bring safety, security and efficiency in the payment system. With the efforts of the Reserve Bank of India, the Indian banking sector has been progressing and trying to adopt and implement electronic payment to enhance the banking system.[5] The Reserve Bank of India has introduced Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) and National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT) and National Electronic Clearing Services which facilitates customer to adopt electronic method of payment. It is confirmed by the survey that use of electronic method of payment has increased over a period of time. The reason behind this is advancement in the technology, increasing awareness among the consu mers and internet accessibility. The Reserve Bank of India has played pivotal role in the implementation of electronic payment system. The payment and settlement system works efficiently and smoothly if is maintained by a sound legal framework. The major step in this direction is the enactment of the Payment and Settlement Act of 2007. The payment and Settlement Act, 2007 was declared in 2007 but came into effect on August 12, 2008. The Act authorizes Reserve Bank of India to regulate and supervise the payment system in India. In India, the payment and settlement system is regulated by the Payment and Settlement Act of 2007. History Of The Legislation The Payment and Settlement draft Bill was prepared in 2002 under the chairmanship of Dr. RH Patil. The committee was formed by the Reserve Bank of India to examine the various aspects of the payment system related to the legal basis of the system. The terms of reference of the committee set up by the Reserve Bank of India were as follows:- [6] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“To examine the adequacy of legal basis for payment system; To suggest appropriate legislative changes for regulation of payment systems; To suggest an administrative set-up within the bank for administering regulation and supervision of payment systems; Any other related matter.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [7] Finally the R H Patil committee examines the Payment and Settlement Systems Bill prepared by the Task Force on legal issues of the National Payment Council to proffer advice on matters relating to payment systems. [8] The Payment and Settlement bill was composed in 2002 but it was introduced in the Parliament in 2006. The Act came into the declaration in December by receiving the assent of the President and finally it is enforced on August 12, 2008. Payment And Settlement Act 2007 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Critical Study The Act constitute of the eight chapters and thirty- eight sections. Two regulations have been notified by the Reserve Bank of India in 2008 under the Payment and Settlement Act. These regulation are;- Board for Regulation and Supervision of Payment and Settlement System Regulations 2008 (BPSS). Payment and Settlement Systems Regulations (2008).[9] The BPSS Regulation cover: Composition of the Board; Functions and powers of the Board; Powers to be exercised on behalf of the Board; Constitution of sub- committees. Settlement System Regulations cover the following: Authorization of payment systems including submission of application for authorization for commencing or carrying on a payment systems, grant of authorization certificates, certificate formats, etc.; Payment instructions and determination of standards; Furnishing of returns, documents and other information; Furnishing of audited balance sheets, etc.[10] Objective Behind The Payment And Settlement Act The payment and settlement system considered to be the backbone of the financial sector of our country. Gradually the financial sector has been progressing and has undergone change in the payment transfer from paper- based clearing to the Real Time Gross Settlement. The electronic payment system is developed to facilitates non- cash mode of payment. There are several retail payment system operated in India like manual paper-based clearing, Electronic Fund Transfer System, card-based system, MICR Clearing etc. The Reserve Bank of India operates and manages the paper- based cheque processing across India at four places which includes Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. In addition to these places it is managed by twelve centers which are operated by public sector under the supervision of the Reserve Bank of India. The other centers involved are the clearing house, which are voluntary bodies of bank who get involved expressly to for t he purpose of clearing payment system and following the instruction given by the Reserve Bank of India. The Electronic Transfer System is defined under the Payment and Settlement Act as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT) is a system whereby anyone who wants to make payment to another person/company, etc., can approach his bank and make cash payment or give instructions/authorization to transfer funds directly from his own account to bank account of the receiver/beneficiary. Complete details such as the receivers name, bank account number, account type (savings or current account), bank name, city, branch name, etc., should be furnished to the bank at the time of requesting for such transfers so that the amount reaches the beneficiaries account correctly and faster. RBI is the service provider for EFT.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [11] The Real Time Gross Settlement System (RTGS) for the large à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" value payment system is operated by the Reserve Bank of India. The Ca rd Based System is not operated by the Reserve Bank of India but it is indirectly operated and regulated by the card issuing bank. Under the section 58(2)(p) of the Reserve Bank of India Act of 1934, the Central Board of Directors Of the Reserve Bank of India is authorized to prepare regulations for clearing house of banks. Therefore because of the above mentioned reasons and the pivotal role played by the Reserve Bank of India it was proposed that there should be some legislation which will empower the Reserve Bank of India to act as a designating authority and to bestowed with the following powers and functions; It is the responsibility to RBI to check the payment and settlement system across the country including card companies, Clearing Corporation of India etc. The RBI should lay down the procedure for authorization of payment system and also for the revocation of the payment system. The RBI should give directions and guidelines to system providers. The RBI should maintain operational and technical standards for payment system. To call for information and furnish returns and documents from the service providers. To audit and inspect the systems and premises of the system providers To make legislation for carrying out the provision of the proposed legislation To impose fines and penalties for not providing information or documents or wrongfully disclosing information, etc.[12] Finally the Bill was passed by the Parliament seeking to achieve above mentioned objects. Designated Authority And Its Committee Chapter 2 of the Act contains the section 3 which deals with authorities designated by this Act. Under this section, the Payment and settlement Act designates the Reserve Bank of India as the authority for the supervision and regulation of payment system. It also provides for the constitution of the committee of the Central Board of Directors of the Reserve Bank of India. Board For Regulation And Supervision Of Payment And Settlement System (BPSS) The board for regulation and supervision of payment and settlement system is constituted under the section 3(2) of the Act for the regulation and supervision of the payment system. The board constituted shall consist of the following members; Governor, Reserve Bank, who shall be the chairperson of the board; Deputy Governors, Reserve Bank, out of whom the Deputy Governor who is in- charge of the Payment and Settlement System, shall be the Vice- President of the Board; Not exceeding three Directors from the Central Board of the Reserve Bank of India to be nominated by the governor, Reserve Bank.[13] Powers and functions of the Board:- Board should lay down the policies for the regulation and supervision of the payment and settlement system. Board should lay down the standards for existing as well as for the future payment and settlement system. The authorization of payment and settlement system. The board to decide the criteria for membership of payment and settlement system. Board to examine the rule and regulations framed under any statutes for giving direction from time to time. Board should take major and effective steps for proper regulation and supervision of the payment and settlement system. The board should create the essential administering structure within the existing rules and regulations for effective regulation and supervision of the payment and settlement system. The BPSS meets regularly and gives direction for bringing in efficiency, safety and customer convenience in the payment and settlement systems. There are several areas in which BPSS has provided direction such as; preparation of a framework for payment through mobile phones, extension of the jurisdiction of magnetic ink character recognition (MICR), clearing house and computerization of non- MICR clearing houses, launching the Indo- Nepal remittance system, making use of electronic mode of payment mandatory for large value transaction, making all RTGS branches NEFT enabled- while upgrading the NEFT system into a round- the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" clock type remittance system, exploring the feasibility of of developing a domestic card to inject competition in the market in a non- discriminatory manner, facilitating optimum use of ATMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s by cash withdrawal.[14] Authorization Of Payment System Chapter 3 deals with the authorization of payment system. Section 4 of the Act states that no person can operates the payment system without obtaining authorization from Reserve Bank of India. Under the Act the RBI is empowered to act as designating authority to regulates and supervise the payment system. Section 4 conveys that person can operates the payment and settlement system after obtaining authorization from the RBI. The Reserve Bank of India can authorizes a person to operate or regulate the existing houses or new clearing houses of banks in order to have a common retail clearing house throughout the country.[15] Under section 5 of the Act person who wants to operate the payment system can apply for authorization. The application for the authorization should be [1] M.L. Tannan, Tannanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Banking Law And Practice In India 354 (25th ed. Lexis Nexis Butterworths Wadhwa 2012) [2] M.A. Rashid, Law Relating To Electronic Transfer Of Money 11 (1st ed. Lexis Nexis Butterworths Wadhwa 2010) [3] N.S. Toor, Handbook Of Banking Information 58 (31st ed. Skylark Publications 2010) [4] M.L. Tannan, Tannanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Banking Law And Practice In India 355 (25th ed. Lexis Nexis Butterworths Wadhwa 2012) [5] Ibid [6] M.A. Rashid, Law Relating To Electronic Transfer Of Money 11 (1st ed. Lexis Nexis Butterworths Wadhwa 2010) [7] Ibid [8] N.S. Toor, Handbook Of Banking Information 58 (31st ed. Skylark Publications 2010) [9] supra note 6 [10] Ibid [11] Payment and Settlement Act, 2007 2(c) [12] supra note 2 [13] Payment and Settlement Act of 2007 3(2). [14] M.L. Tannan, Tannanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Banking Law And Practice In India 354 (25th ed. Lexis Nexis Butterworths Wadhwa 2012) [15] Payment a nd Settlement Act of 2007 4(2)

Walt Whitman And Robert Frost s A Noiseless Patient Spider

When one thinks of spiders, fury bodies, long legs and fangs comes to mind. Spiders are often characterized as a violent insect. They, however, have a deeper meaning. What you see is not always what it appears to be. The spider is an â€Å"ancient symbol of mystery, power and growth†¦just ask the spider weaves a web, so too must we weave our own lives† (Spider Symbol 1). The choices we make fabricate our lives; the spider chooses where to lay its web and how to connect each thread. Some of the most well-known poets, Walt Whitman and Robert Frost, display the spider in this light. Walt Whitman’s â€Å"A Noiseless Patient Spider† varies greatly from Robert Frost’s â€Å"Design†. Whitman stresses the importance of the title by repeating it in the first line of the poem. The title suggests the work and patience required of a spider to create their web, making each line connect to the next. The spider’s web is like one’s home, oneâ⠂¬â„¢s foundation, and one’s intricate connection to life. In the first line of the poem Walt Whitman uses a form of figurative language to describe the spider. The form of figurative language Whitman uses is personification. He gives the spider the human characteristic of being patient to suggest that this story is not only about a spider. The second to third line reads, â€Å"I mark’d where on a little promontory it stood isolated, Mark’d how to explore the vacant vast surrounding†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The words isolated, vacant and vast describe the space around the spider. The author wants

Earnings Qantas Airways Limited

Question: Discuss about the Earnings Qantas Airways Limited. Answer: Introduction: Qantas Airways Limiteds financial performance has improved in the financial year 2016 as compared to the previous year, which is depicted in the increase in the return on invested capital. The company has reported a return on invested capital of 22.70% for the financial year 2016, which is greater than that reported for the year 2015 (Qantas, 2016). In the year 2015, the company reported a return on invested capital of 16.20%. The return on invested capital has been computed by dividing the earnings before interest and tax (EBIT) by average invested capital. Thus, the increase in the return on invested capital could be attributed to the increase in EBIT or reduction in the average invested capital (Bernstein, 2004). In the current case of Qantas, both the factors such as increase in EBIT and reduction in average capital employed have contributed to the increase in the return on invested capital. The EBIT was observed to be $1,476 million for the year 2015, which increased to $2,009 million in the year 2016. Further, the average invested capital was observed to be $9,091 million for the year 2015, which reduced to $8,857 million in the year 2016 (Qantas, 2016). The combined impact of increase in the EBIT and the reduction in the average invested capital caused substantial increase in the return on invested capital in the year 2016. The increase in the EBIT indicates improvements in the operational performance of the company in the year 2016. The primary reason for improvement in the operational performance has been observed to be increase in the revenues. The revenues of the company increased from $15,816 million in the year 2015 to $16,200 million in the year 2016 (Qantas, 2016). In addition to this, there have been observed a reduction in the operating cost as well. The major reduction was found to be in fuel cost, which reduced from $3,937 million in the year 2015 to $3,250 million in the year 2016 (Qantas, 2016). Further, the reduction in the average invested capital also caused improvement in the operational performance of the company. In the regard, the major improvement was observed in the managing receivables. The accumulation in receivables went down from $1093 million in the year 2015 to $929 million in the year 2016. Further, slight increases in the liabilities such as payables and advance revenues helped in optimizing the invested capital, which ultimately caused enhancement in the return on invested capital (Bernstein, 2004). Cost of Debt for Qantas Amount ($M) Amount ($M) Interest bearing debt 2015 Current 771.00 Non-Current 4,791.00 Total 5,562.00 Interest bearing debt 2016 Current 441.00 Non-Current 4,421.00 Total 4,862.00 Average level of debt for 2016 5,212.00 Total Interest paid out in 2016 284.00 Cost of Debt (Interest paid/Average level of debt 2016) 5.45% The market value of shares is taken as the weight of equity in the computation of WACC. Therefore, the average equity level has been calculated based on the market value of shares as shown below: Market Value of share capital of Qantas Share Capital Market Value on 01.07.2015 No of Shares (million) 2,205 Share Price on 01.07.2015 3.26 Market Value (A) ($M) 7,187.40 Share Capital Market Value on 31.06.2016 No of Shares 2,083 Share Price on 31.06.2016 2.82 Market Value (B) ($M) 5,874.05 Average Equity Levels for 2016 2016 ($M) 2015 ($M) Market Value of Shares 5,874.05 7,187.40 Treasury Shares (50.00) (7.00) Reserves (220.00) (66.00) Retained Earnings (100.00) (1,115.00) Total Equity 5,504.05 5,999.40 Average Equity for 2016 5,751.73 Cost of Equity for Qantas: Using CAPM Model Description Rate Remarks A. Risk free rate 1.77% Based on 5 years bond yield (Bloomberg, 2016) B. Market return 7.18% Based on average annual returns on ASX 200 (refer appendix-B) C. Beta of Qantas 0.86 Computed variance and covariance of returns (refer appendix-A) CAPM 6.40% Weighted average cost of capital Weight Cost Weighted Average Debt 0.48 5.45% 0.026 Equity 0.52 6.40% 0.034 WACC 5.95% The return on invested capital is the return earned by the company on the amount of capital or resources used in earning that return. The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is the return that the investor may desire from the company to earn. Thus, the weighted average cost of capital designates the investors expectations from the company (Brigham and Daves, 2014). In case of Qantas, the company earned after tax return on invested capital of 15.90%, while the weighted average cost of capital is worked out to be 5.95%. This indicates that the company is earning more than the investors expectations. Therefore, the return on invested capital of 15.90% is very much acceptable from the investors perspective. The company is following policy of paying dividend and buying the shares back from the shareholders. This policy of the company seems to be inappropriate in the given circumstances because the company is earning more than the investors expectations. In such circumstances, the company should retain the profits and reinvest the same in the operations rather than distributing as dividend to the shareholders. On the same grounds the company is advised to stop buy back of the shares also. References Qantas. 2016. Preliminary Final Report for the Financial Year Ended 30 June 2016. [Online]. Available at: https://investor.qantas.com/FormBuilder/_Resource/_module/doLLG5ufYkCyEPjF1tpgyw/file/full-year-results/preliminaryFinalReport16.pdf [Accessed on: 20 September 2016]. Bernstein. 2004. Analysis of financial statement. Tata McGraw-Hill Education Brigham, E.F. and Daves, P.R. 2014. Intermediate financial management. Cengage Learning. Bloomberg. 2016. Australian bond rates. [Online]. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/markets/rates-bonds/government-bonds/australia [Accessed on: 20 September 2016].

So I Write free essay sample

The pen is loudest when our voice is silent. Every writer has their inspiration, their muse. They write to spin a story, to get an idea or point across, I write to speak. Living in a home that feels more like a barless prison; where you have little to no voice on matters of your own life, takes a toll. So I write. The thoughts that keep trying to push their way out of my mouth and fly free in the air, flow freely onto my paper. My pen is louder than my voice ever was. Thoughts that I only wish I could tell my mom, are stopped by a wall called culture. Speaking out against her for defending my own beliefs would be interpreted as disrespectful. So I remain silent, not daring to utter a sound. All I can do is wait until I’m able to spread my wings and finally feel the freedom and independence I’ve craved for for so long. We will write a custom essay sample on So I Write or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Until then, I write. It seems that as I grew older, the worse my home seemed to me. It felt like the walls shrunk, little by little, almost like it was trying to suffocate me. The one sided yelling matches between my mom and I grew more frequent as I gathered more courage to speak out, but it wasn’t enough. She always found some way to stop me before I even got started. I was learning to speak out against her, albeit a little late, but better than never. My writing got shorter as some of my thoughts were voiced. As I wrote, my world expanded without my knowing. I went back and reread some of the things I had written, and realized that my thoughts had changed and shifted their focus. Instead of writing about my prison-like home I began to write about the world. Interacting with my friends and finding out their views on subjects got me thinking about what my views were. I slowly turned my attention away from my own problems, and started thinking about the hardships that others go through. What was once an outlet for my unspoken thoughts and silent words is now a way in which I record what I learn about the world through my own eyes and of the others around me. As Henry David Thoreau once said, â€Å"How vain is it to sit down to write, when you have not stood up to live?†. Now I sit down to write what I have lived to see, and let my voice be louder than my pen as it should be.

Essay Examples on BLack Robe Essay Example

Essay Examples on BLack Robe Paper 1st Essay Sample on BLack Robe After reading the assigned biographies and viewing the movie â€Å"Black Robe†, I think the â€Å"Black Legend† fails to accurately define Indian/European relationships. Bartolome de Las Casas initially makes the Spanish conquistadors look like very abusive and uncaring men.He writes, â€Å"The Christians, with their horses and swords and lances, began to slaughter and practise strange cruelties among them.†The Indians, on the other hand, are described as a kind and delicate people, like lambs or gentle sheep; but still considered inferior to the Europeans. Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, a Spanish nobleman, initially viewed the Indians as a people to be conquered and enslaved.He came to America in hopes of finding treasures of gold but, instead, I think he found himself. Cabeza de Vaca was born into a family of adventurers so it is not surprising that he joined Panfilo de Narvaez’s expedition to the â€Å"West Indies† to conquer the land we know as pr esent-day Florida.Upon reaching Florida after months at sea and a winter in Cuba, the Indians of the land were not overjoyed to see this new batch of Spaniards.In fact, after meeting Narvaez’s emissary, â€Å"the entire village fled into the forest.†When Narvaez came ashore, he read the requerimiento which simply stated the Indians were now subjects of the King of Spain and were required to obey all Spanish law and become Christians.Should they refuse to obey, they would become enslaved and sold.It mattered not to Narvaez that the Indians were not present when he read this. An expedition set out to find what ikons as present-day Mexico.Cabeza de Vaca was part of this expedition which lasted several years and took him through present-day Texas, New Mexico, and Mexico.As Cabeza de Vaca searched for Mexico, he came to realize that this race of people known as Indians were not so heathen as he once thought. 2nd Essay Sample on Black Robe To write a novel with good historical values, it is essential for an author to do the necessary research on the topic. Before writing Black Robe it is obvious that Brian Moores readings of the Jesuit Relations, letters sent by the Jesuits back to their superiors in France, gave him the required knowledge to write an insightful novel pertaining to the beliefs of the French Jesuits and the Amerindians. Moore illustrates the effects of the Jesuit influence on the Amerindians and also the effects that the Amerindians had on some of the Jesuits. He attempts to portray the Amerindians, not as the red Indians of folklore but rather as an individual race of bravery, beauty and cruelness with their own unique beliefs and customs. The novel explores the idea of the voice of conscience and morality in a way that Moore feels is lost from todays societies. One of the central themes in Black Robe is the difference between the Algonkians belief in the afterworld in comparison to that of the Jesuit s and the Catholic Church. The Algonkian believe that the spirit of the dead live within the woods during the night. Their spirits are taken away by the She Manitou and taken to the woods were they will live amongst the other dead Amerindians, dead animals, and dead trees. To the Algonkian, the day is the light in which the living is allowed to bask in. This is evident in their lifestyle. As Father Paul Laforgue states early on in the novel, Gluttony is their highest form of happiness. They work hard for survival but enjoy all that they have. Food is not saved for a time when there is none and children are never punished, instead they are allowed to run around freely. In comparison, the Jesuits and the Catholic Church believe in an afterworld that if accepted into by god, is a paradise. Once again this has a large influence on their lifestyle. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on BLack Robe specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on BLack Robe specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on BLack Robe specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Functions of Corrections essays

Functions of Corrections essays When we hear the word corrections the first thing that most people will think of is jail or prison; some custodial institution. Many people dont realize that the same term also applies to non-custodial alternatives such as parole or probation, programs and/or facilities specifically designed for juvenile offenders and halfway houses. It is popularly believed the function of corrections is merely to lock criminals up. While this is not entirely untrue, it is also only a very small portion of the role that corrections plays in our society. The functions of corrections are to provide control, custody and care to any person convicted of a criminal offense. Providing control for correctional clients is twofold. The first thing that needs to be addressed is the correctional employee. These employees work in any governmental jurisdiction in the country. They sport various titles such as Correction Guard, Warden, Social worker, Doctor, Lawyer, Cook, Grounds Keeper, and Secretary among others. Each of these various professions plays a vital role in keeping our many correctional institutions operational. The second component of control lies in classifying a correctional client. All clients that are in a custodial institution require that they be housed in an environment which will provide them security as well one in which their individual medical andor program needs will be met. Custodial clients are classified to either a maximum, medium, or minimum security facility. Once there, they are assigned to a unit or mod. At this point the correctional client is also assigned a Unit Manager, a Case Manager, a Correctional Counselor as well as some one from the Education, Psychology and Work departments. Correctional clients meet on a regular basis with their Unit Team to develop, review and discuss programs they should be involved in as well as to address any other concerns or needs they may have...

Poverty and pollution case study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Poverty and pollution case study - Assignment Example It is the price they get to pay for the benefits of harmful investment in their countries. This document discusses human right to a clean and safe environment, justifies the moral obligations of developed countries towards third world countries for their incurred costs, and finally, recommends civil liability and taxations as pollution standards that are fair for global enforcement. Keywords: Pollution, Environmental Degradation, Third World Countries, First World Countries, Economy and Development, Pollution Control, Industrialization, Investment, Cities, Production, Costs, Price, Business, Regulations Poverty and Pollution Pollution can be categorized differently depending on its cause and impact in the societies. It has become a key sensitive area not only at the national level but also at a global governance level, with too many policies being enforced from the industrialized nations to the third world countries. Effectively, environmental law is a measure expected to preserve th e environmental pure conditions by preventing further degradation. However, its application is being taken seriously in industrialized nations unlike in developing nations, which still feel that they need the opportunity to grow before they apply the law effectively at a pace the industrialized nations have set in their nations. Air and water pollution has taken the lead in bringing serious mass destruction unlike other pollution such as noise. The authors of poverty and pollution case 7.2 address the environmental nature of Brazil’s Valley of Death area known to be highly polluted, consisting of numerous industries that emit hazardous gases, which are unhealthy for the high population density that resides and works within the area. Ethical Implications of Businesses Polluting in Third World Countries The rise of social issues in businesses can be traced back to the mid 19th century, in the so called developed nations today. At the time, their economies were very active to fo ster development through industrialization; hence numerous businesses had been set up, but the citizens’ interests and concerns had not yet been fully addressed. As of the 1960s, the Americans â€Å"saw the decay of the inner cities and growth of ecological problems such as pollution and the disposal of toxic and nuclear waste,† which caused the anti-business attitude in the society that led to establishment of Consumer’s Bill of Rights that serves to protect the rights of the consumers (Ferrell, Fraedrich, & India, 2011, p.10). Comparing them with the less developed nations, industrialization came earlier in the developed nations, hence a step away compared to the struggling third world countries. While such developed nations in the world feel the need to protect their lives and foster economic development in a safe regulated environment, the third world countries are in search of a better economy that can only be steered through more business establishments. I t is obvious that the two parties cannot perceive the issue at the same degree, considering that their priorities are quite different. Today, we have most of the populations in first world countries living in urban

Can food education reduce the obesity levels in schools Dissertation

Can food education reduce the obesity levels in schools - Dissertation Example Aims and Objectives†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 IV. Research Questions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 V. Research Methodology and Design†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...12 Chapter Two/Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 I. Definition of Obesity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.15 II. Causes of Obesity in Children†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...16 III. Health Risk Factors Associated with Childhood Obesity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.21 IV. Food Education in Schools as a Method for Reducing Obesity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦24 Chapter Three/The UK’s Strategies for Reducing Obesity in Schools†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.29 Chapter Four/Findings and Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.............37 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..40 Chapter One Introduction Childhood obesity has doubled in developed countries over the past twenty of so years. The prevalence and growth of childhood obesity and its attending problems have caused health care professionals to characterize childhood obesity as a â€Å"public health disaster waiting to happen,† a â€Å"massive tsunami† and â€Å"a health time-bomb† (Waters, Seidell and Sweinburn 2010, 3). Although the UK’s childhood obesity levels are not unique, they have reached unprecedented levels and remain a major concern for policy-makers and health officials. All indications are therefore that the UK as elsewhere, have not yet found a method for reducing or reversing childhood obesity (Great Britain National... This essay "Can food education reduce the obesity levels in schools?" outlines the importance of food education in school in order to prevent the level of obesity among children of shool age. Childhood obesity has doubled in developed countries over the past twenty of so years. The prevalence and growth of childhood obesity and its attending problems have caused health care professionals to characterize childhood obesity as a â€Å"public health disaster waiting to happen,† a â€Å"massive tsunami† and â€Å"a health time-bomb† (Waters, Seidell and Sweinburn 2010, 3). Although the UK’s childhood obesity levels are not unique, they have reached unprecedented levels and remain a major concern for policy-makers and health officials. All indications are therefore that the UK as elsewhere, have not yet found a method for reducing or reversing childhood obesity (Great Britain National Audit Office 2006, 9). In 2004, obesity was identified by the UK government as a major policy concern and targets were established for reducing childhood obesity by the year 2010. In 2006, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) publicized guidelines for preventing, identifying, assessing and managing obesity and overweight in both children and adults. The guidelines makes recommendations for the NHS, local authorities (LAs), the public and community partners that can be carried out in schools, the work environment, personally and within community projects (Aiken, Arai and Roberts 2008, 1).

Lincoln electric case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lincoln electric case study - Essay Example Managers respect the production workers. They are also respected and valued for their contribution to the company’s business. The fact that the worker’s contribution is no less than that of the management towards the growth of the organisation is recognized and acknowledged by each of its member. Decentralized approach has made it possible even for the workers to challenge the management in case of wrong and unfair decisions. They can voice their opinion in case they feel that a certain decision taken by the management is unfair, or likely to bring negative effects on the organisation. Most of the workers are fresh pass-outs from schools when they are absorbed by the organisation and are provided the required training to perform various functions. Some of them are promoted to the position of executives because Lincoln believes in promoting employees from within the organisation and not from outside. The major reasons that can be attributed to the success of Lincoln are its quality standards and its responsibity towards its workers. Both these aspects have gone a long way to make this system extremely successful. The company focuses primarily on the welfare of its employees and their performance levels automatically improve. Workers are paid according to the piece rate system and rewarded for their performance. It is strictly ensured that they exceed their performance goals in order to achieve maximum pay. They are encouraged to put in their best efforts and rewarded accordingly. This company provides so much support to its employees that it has become their second home which bars them from leaving the company. Success of the organization in United States called for the process of diversifying its roles in foreign countries. Lincoln decided to purchase a number of plants in Japan, South America and also in some of the European countries. It

Arguments for and Against Capital Punishment

Arguments for and Against Capital Punishment Jump to: Arguments in favor of Capital Punishment  | Arguments  Against Capital Punishment Introduction Capital punishment is a legal process in which a person is put to death by the country or state law as a punishment for a crime. It is also known as death sentence or death penalty. Capital punishment sends the message that such criminal acts will not be tolerated in the society. It works on the simple theory that people desist from doing a particular action when they know that they will have to pay a high price for the same. There is no doubt that death penalty is one of the most debatable issue in our society. In support of death penalty people argue that it discourage others from resorting to similar crimes, those who oppose it are of the opinion that it is not as effective it is promoted to be. Many countries still keep the capital punishment in their penal laws. This is a practice that has been there since time immemorial as a sign of the Law of Moses, which integrated a retributive approach that was characterized as an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.  [1]   There are 7 types of capital punishments known to world. These are:  [2]   Death by Hanging Execution by Firing Squad Lethal Injection Gas Chamber Executions Death by Stoning Death by Beheading Electrocution. Capital Punishment in Bangladesh The capital punishment is one of talkative issue in present day Bangladesh. In the international environment death penalty is actively implemented and well protected. In some cases, it is also a debatable matter in the domestic area. According to Amnesty International report, Bangladesh is a retentionist country.  [3]  That means Bangladesh is the promoter or supporter of capital punishment. There is a lot of evidence which support the statement of Amnesty International report. The practical natures of the explanations or evidences support the elimination of the death penalty in Bangladesh. Crimes punishable by death in Bangladesh There is a wide range of crimes are currently subject to the capital punishment in Bangladesh. According to the Penal Code 1860, here is a set of crimes which are subject to the death penalty in Bangladesh: Section 121: Waging war against Bangladesh 132: Abetting mutiny 194: Giving false evidence upon which an innocent person suffers death 302: Murder 305: Assisting the suicide of a child or insane person 307: Attempted murder by life-convicts 396: Kidnapping of a child under the age of ten (with intent to murder, grievously hurt, rap or enslave the child) and Armed robbery resulting in murder. According to the Special Powers Act 1974: Section 15: Sabotage 25: Hhoarding of goods or dealing on the black market, counterfeiting, smuggling, and poisoning or contamination of consumables or attempt of any of these offences. In addition, there is an act, Women and Children Repression Prevention Act-2000, to prevent violence against women and children. Under this act the capital punishment is available for: murder or attempted murder involving burning, use of acid, trafficking of women and children for illegal or immoral acts, sexual assault of women or children occasioning death etc. Criminals Excluded From the Capital Punishment The persons who are below 18 years old at the time of committing crime will be excluded from the capital punishment.  [4]  In 2009, the U.N. Committee on the Rights reiterated this alarm and suggested that Bangladesh explain its clarity of the child to include all people under the age of 18. U.N. papers point out that Bangladeshs situation is that it does not implement persons for crimes committed while under the age of 18, that capital punishment for such individuals are infrequently-if at all-meted out by courts and that Bangladesh is allowing for altering the 1974 Children Act to assure a clear legal exclusion.  [5]  Women are not applicable for death penalty during pregnancy period. Women with new born children also will not punishable by death sentence.  [6]  The people who are mentally sick are excluded from death penalty. During committing the criminal act if the person is in unsoundness of mind or is incapable of knowing the nature of the act will not be punished by capital punishment.  [7]   Courts and the Judiciary of Bangladesh Bangladesh operates under a judicial system. It was mainly come from the British common law tradition. The Supreme Court is the highest appeals court in Bangladesh. It is divided into the Appellate Division and the High Court. The High Court hears appeals from subordinate courts. Under the writ jurisdiction, the High Court issues orders to enforce fundamental rights and grant other available summons. From the High Court division, the Appellate Division hears appeals. An important function of the Appellate Division is supervising the subordinate courts and tribunals.  [8]   Legal basis of Capital Punishment in Bangladesh Capital punishment is subject to prior approval of the honable high court division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh. All capital punishments in Bangladesh are carried out by hanging according to the Bangladesh government law.  [9]  Like other nations in the region, Bangladesh does not have a jury system: suspected criminals are tried and sentenced by a judge.  [10]  Those sentenced to death have an automatic appeal hearing before the High Court. If that appeal fails, the person also has the option to lodge additional appeals with the High Court and, if those fail, with the Supreme Court. Should all these avenues of appeal fail, the condemned persons final chance is to appeal to the President for clemency.  [11]  The Jail Code also affords an avenue for appeal, whereby prisoners can appeal to the jail authorities within seven days of being brought to jail this appears to apply to those prisoners extradited from overseas. Additional to these safeguards, is the requirement that the High Court approve all death sentences pronounced by a lower court before they can be put into effect. A hea ring is held in which all documents relating to the case, including the lower courts judgment, are compiled.  [12]   Clemency process The Code of Criminal Procedure specifies that executions require not be permitted by the executive.  [13]  The main executive obstacle to execution of a capital punishment is the privilege of mercy, approved by the Constitution and defined under the Code of Criminal Procedure and Penal Code. Damned persons petition the President for clemency. In addition, the government which may mean the legislature or some other executive official-may alter capital punishment.  [14]   Available statistics on Capital Punishment in Bangladesh The information or statistics about capital punishment are not publicly reported in Bangladesh. It only comes in publicly, when it is about a sensational or political matter. For example, the February 2010 hanging of 5 persons accused and tried for the murder of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was widely reported; the same holds true of the 2007 hanging of members of the JMB who were accused in the 2005 bomb attacks on two judges at Jhalakathi.  [15]  There is No official information are available regarding the number of death penalty handed down, or the number of capital punishments carried out. According to the International Federation for Human Rights (2010), there are about 75,000 prisoners all over Bangladesh and 40-45 percent of them are convicted prisoners. In one district jail outside Dhaka, out of the 2,300-2,400 estimated total prison inmates, 90 prisoners are on death row.  [16]   The following table includes the number of capital punishments reported in Amnesty Internationals annual reports for the past five years, as well as the numbers reported by Hands Off Cain. Number of Executions, Bangladesh, 2005-2010:  [17]   Capital Punishment and the attitude of Bangladesh Government Bangladesh is a country where there is actually no right to life. Exercising the capital punishment violates the common human rights. In 2010, five people were given the death penalty within a day. On January 28 of the same year, the Supreme Court of Bangladesh made the decision to execute death penalty of the killers of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.  [18]   On the contrary, on 7th September 2010 Zillur Rahman, President of Bangladesh, pardoned 20 prisoners death row. Those people were sentenced to death in 2006 by a Speedy Trial Tribunal (2002) for the murder of a then-ruling Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) activist Sabbir Ahmed Gama.  [19]  In the history of Bangladesh it was the first where President gave pardon a huge number of death prisoners at a time. The important thing is that the benefited prisoners are supporters of the present governing party (Awami League). Amnesty International welcomed the pardon of President Zillur Rahman in their international report. At the same time it also argued that it is not ethical to favor only supporters of the governing party.  [20]   Though the death sentence is a permanent punishment, the legislative authorities should ensure that criminals are not released by the politically motivated grounds. Problems of Bangladeshs criminal justice system Lack of fairness and transparency. Political interference and arbitrary police control over the complaint mechanisms. Criminal justice system is politicalized, inefficient, and unprofessional. As far the administration of justice, the judiciary system does not enjoy independence. Lack of judicial competence and commitment to upholding the rule of law. The countrys medico-legal system still is not acceptable by international standards. Lack of interpersonal respect between lawyers, judges, political parties, medico-legal experts seriously hampers effectiveness of the administration of justice. Is the Capital Punishment an Effective Crime Deterrent? Capital punishment is based on the principle that the peril of death makes probable criminals think twice before doing to some serious crimes such as murder, rape and makes them totally give up on such criminal act. The effectiveness of death sentence to prevent criminal from doing serious crimes is questionable, whether it really discourages people to do crimes. A study in America discloses that 88 percent of American criminologists believed that capital punishment was not effective crime prevention. In this study about 87 percent of the respondents thought that capital punishment would have no major impact on crime rates in the country as such.  [21]   On the other hand, many criminologists think that death penalty in itself is one of the several factors which makes a person indulge in crime. The example of Canada wherein the murder rate decreased after elimination of capital punishment in 1976.  [22]  One important thing is that the criminal who is planning to do any crime, he or she will never get affected by the threat of being caught and convicted. In addition, the time gap between the sentencing of convict and his actual execution is quite lengthy. As time elapse the preclusion effect of sentencing a person to death starts decreasing. Now the people who support the death penalty may argue that to speed up legal process and execute the death sentence early. But then, speedy trials would again mean more chances of an innocent person being sent to the gallows, and that is something which we cant afford to do. There are some studies which support the death sentence as crime prevention. A study showed that eighteen lives are saved for every criminal death penalty.  [23]  The legislative authorities of Bangladesh argue that the capital punishment is essential for control the serious crimes like murder. They also think that capital punishment will transmit the message of ultimate results of murder to the potential criminal. This so-called prevention of criminal act is shown to not be working effectively, as incidents of serious crimes rise each year. For example, according to the Bangladesh Police website, there were 3592 murders during 2005 and 4219 murders in 2009.  [24]   Arguments in favor of Capital Punishment There are two types of criminals in our society ones who commit crimes under unavoidable circumstances and other ones who commit crimes intentionally. The people who commit crimes intentionally, they do not feel any kind of guilt for their actions and they do not hesitate to do same again. So, it is important to implement capital punishment for making such criminals to realize that they are not the decider of life and death. Here is some supports behind the capital punishment: Fear of Death: All people have the fear of death, even though death is inevitable. Implementing death penalty for serious crimes like murders or rapes will absolutely make the criminal think twice before doing any brutal crimes. There are some killers who are commit killing only for fulfill their hobby. Capital punishment will send the message to the criminal that, he or she is preparing own grave by killing someone else. No Escape: No one can getaway from the death, but any one can escape from imprisonment. There are so many evidences of jail escaping illegally by managing political leader or prison inspector. After escaping the criminal commit crimes again and making the innocent suffers. So this is unethical to let innocent people die and criminal live. Justice not Killing: Sometimes the people who do not support capital punishment, they think death penalty is all about revenge in the name of law or justice. However it is very important for our society to teach criminals about the importance of life. Saving the Innocent: To save innocent people there is no other alternative way without death penalty to the serious criminals. If we allow criminals in the imprisonment, then suffer for the innocent people will be huge. Law Should Provide Justice: Capital punishment issued by law is fair and justified for the society. The innocent victims do not get any chance do crime, then why should we give the chance to the criminal with imprisonment. Arguments against Capital Punishment Some people think that reason of the death penalty is to send a right message to the society. Such harsh punishment means that no serious crime will be tolerated and the responsible must be punished for his or her act. Denial of basic right: Death penalty violates human right the right to life. Human being life has a essential value. The holiness of human life is denied by the capital punishment. Life is priceless. The possibility of error: Capital punishment is decided by the collected evidences against the individual. Sometimes those collected information and investigation might be wrong or manipulated. So in case of imprisonment, after finding error in judgment individual may be released and compensated for the injustice. However, in case of capital punishment judge can do nothing without feeling guilty for taking innocent life. Lack of Deterrence: The goal of capital punishment is to deter serious criminal activities from the society. However, according to the available information, the capital punishment has not been effective in controlling the murder rate. For example, according to the Bangladesh Police website, there were 3592 murders during 2005 and 4219 murders in 2009.  [25]   Racist Factor: Death penalty is a cruel and unusual punishment for human being. Most of the people in all over the world think that death penalty is a way of minimizing the number of minorities in a particular country. Killing is Expensive: Keeping one person in the prison for entire life is less expensive compare to give death penalty. Long and complex process of death penalty cases is the biggest drawbacks of capital punishment. Justifying circumstances: There is possibility for individuals to suffer from emotional trauma, violence, destructive social environment to commit such terrible crimes. So it is unethical to blame only them for their activities. Recommendation Observe existing law with a view towards diminishing the scope of crimes that attract the death sentence to only those with deadly consequences. All mandatory death sentences should be revoked as unconstitutionally controlling the judgment and freedom of the judiciary, as required under international standards. Other convicts may under no situation be entrusted to carry out a capital punishment, a practice that is not in conventionality with the domestic legal structure and constitutes an inhuman and degrading treatment for concerned prisoners. Make public information about the death penalty and executions to permit an informed public debate on the capital punishment. Assign a committee of high level jurists to inform on the purpose and situations of implementation of the capital punishment in the country. Conclusion Death penalty is as basically wrong as a cure for crime as charity is wrong as a cure of poverty. Bangladeshs constitutions Article 35 prohibits torture, cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment or treatment.  [26]  There can hardly be any argue that the capital punishment does not amount to brutal punishment, which is banned in the countrys supreme law. In fact, such brutal punishment comprises a violation of the Constitution by deflation the natural dignity of human beings. The reality concerning the criminal justice system must be understood to assess how hazardous the use of the capital punishment can be in Bangladesh. Essential policies or steps should be taken to reduce the reappearance of crimes that are presently penalized by the death sentence in the place of continuing with this unsuccessful prevention. Bangladesh should obey to national and international statement for human rights. And Bangladesh government should eliminate the death sentence system immediately, if they believe on human rights.

Harold and Maude and The Book On The Taboo About Knowing Who You Are Es

Comparing the Movie, Harold and Maude and The Book On The Taboo About Knowing Who You Are The character Maude, in the movie Harold and Maude, lives a life congruent with the ideas Alan Watts expresses in The Book On The Taboo About Knowing Who You Are. In his book, Watts explores the relationships between life, death, ego, and environment. Watts's purpose is not to lecture but rather to let the book serve as a "point of departure" (11) for its readers. Maude also serves as the "point of departure" for the character Harold. Under Maude's guidance, Harold transforms from a depressed teenager obsessed with death into a new, positive person. Maude, however, dies shortly thereafter because she cannot guide Harold for the rest of his life. Indeed she, like The Book, is merely "a temporary medicine...not a perpetual point of reference [for Harold]" (11). Both Maude and The Book are only starting places from which Harold and Watts's readers must learn to achieve peace and understanding within themselves. Watts first addresses the issue of religion. Although the goal of many religions is to lead followers to "enlightenment," Watts believes that "irrevocable commitment to any religion is not only intellectual suicide, it is a positive unfaith because it closes the mind to any new vision of the world" (11). People become so obsessed with their religion and convinced that it is the only true religion that they become blind to new ideas and experiences. Instead of being incarcerating, religion should be enlightening. In the movie, Harold asks Maude if she prays to a god. Maude responds, "Pray? No. I communicate." Maude understands that it is restraining to blindly worship a god. By using the word "communicate," sh... ...ime in his life, Harold loves another person, Maude. When Harold tells Maude he loves her, however, she tells him, "Good. Now love some more." Now that Harold has found that capacity to love, he is able extend his love beyond only Maude. He has also learned about his senses: he "smells" snow, feels the contours of wood, hears music, and sees the beauty of nature. Finally, Harold learns how to accept death. Instead of continually pretending to commit suicide to desensitize himself to death, Harold realizes that death is an inevitable part of the circle of life. At the end of the movie, Harold lives, while Maude dies, because he has not yet experienced life. Unlike Maude, Harold is just beginning to defy the taboos of society and find himself. Works Cited: Watts, A. W. (1966). The Book: On the Taboo Against Knowing Who You Are. New York: Vintage Books Harold and Maude and The Book On The Taboo About Knowing Who You Are Es Comparing the Movie, Harold and Maude and The Book On The Taboo About Knowing Who You Are The character Maude, in the movie Harold and Maude, lives a life congruent with the ideas Alan Watts expresses in The Book On The Taboo About Knowing Who You Are. In his book, Watts explores the relationships between life, death, ego, and environment. Watts's purpose is not to lecture but rather to let the book serve as a "point of departure" (11) for its readers. Maude also serves as the "point of departure" for the character Harold. Under Maude's guidance, Harold transforms from a depressed teenager obsessed with death into a new, positive person. Maude, however, dies shortly thereafter because she cannot guide Harold for the rest of his life. Indeed she, like The Book, is merely "a temporary medicine...not a perpetual point of reference [for Harold]" (11). Both Maude and The Book are only starting places from which Harold and Watts's readers must learn to achieve peace and understanding within themselves. Watts first addresses the issue of religion. Although the goal of many religions is to lead followers to "enlightenment," Watts believes that "irrevocable commitment to any religion is not only intellectual suicide, it is a positive unfaith because it closes the mind to any new vision of the world" (11). People become so obsessed with their religion and convinced that it is the only true religion that they become blind to new ideas and experiences. Instead of being incarcerating, religion should be enlightening. In the movie, Harold asks Maude if she prays to a god. Maude responds, "Pray? No. I communicate." Maude understands that it is restraining to blindly worship a god. By using the word "communicate," sh... ...ime in his life, Harold loves another person, Maude. When Harold tells Maude he loves her, however, she tells him, "Good. Now love some more." Now that Harold has found that capacity to love, he is able extend his love beyond only Maude. He has also learned about his senses: he "smells" snow, feels the contours of wood, hears music, and sees the beauty of nature. Finally, Harold learns how to accept death. Instead of continually pretending to commit suicide to desensitize himself to death, Harold realizes that death is an inevitable part of the circle of life. At the end of the movie, Harold lives, while Maude dies, because he has not yet experienced life. Unlike Maude, Harold is just beginning to defy the taboos of society and find himself. Works Cited: Watts, A. W. (1966). The Book: On the Taboo Against Knowing Who You Are. New York: Vintage Books

Academic Honesty Essay

We can identify some forms of academic dishonesty as, copied exams, this implies to turn and see another student’s test, receiving or giving verbal and / or nonverbal, change the tests, hiding notes, or modification of quizzes. It can also occur in tasks, jobs and projects. It is possible to pass the task among students, falsify data, lack of contribution to a team, and hire someone to make their work. Other types can be present even with bribes or threats against the teacher. Through the plagiarism, the student gives the impression that you cannot learn or that do not want to learn. Also, you may not have a good relationship between student and teacher. â€Å"The love of learning is the most effective strategy to combat academic dishonesty. † Below are some reasons for plagiarism: – Reduced interest in learning – Plagiarism is easy to do – Many students are more interested in the grade than in the learning process – They are busy working or doing other things – Non appreciation of the knowledge Why is Academic Dishonesty Happening? Society has communicated the concept that students need to acquire a degree for future employment, financial security, and personal reasons (Choi, 2009; Cohen ; Brawer, 2003; McCabe, Butterfield, ; Trevino, 2006). And students often believe they will receive higher salaries from future employers if they have exceptional grades throughout their college careers (Norton, Tilley, Newstead, ; Franklyn-Stokes, 2001). This is a reality that plenty of students are living. Plenty of them are lucky enough like me, to get the job they’ve always wanted before they earn a degree. â€Å"Indeed, plagiarism and cheating are reflections of the need to get good grades at all cost; and, they continue to be serious problems in academia† (Danielsen, Simon, ; Pavlick, 2006; Fontana, 2009; Lipka, 2009; McCabe, 2009; McCabe et al. , 2006; Rosamond, 2002; Wilkerson, 2009). This is causing that some –early professionals- just try their best to rush their way into a degree without paying any attention to their assignments. In the beginning it was like that for me because honestly, I felt I was not learning anything. My reality was that I learned â€Å"everything† in the field. But soon enough I realized that college is not necessarily the place to learn specific topics, is the place where you were how to manage your knowledge and put it in the best use. At the end of the day academic dishonesty is a behavior that makes students gain an unfair advantage and it need to be avoid. â€Å"The risk of plagiarism in academic settings can be reduced by not setting the same essay every year. Burnard (2002) reflected on the possibility of plagiarism extending beyond coursework essays to dissertations. He felt that written examinations may reduce the problem (Burnard 2002). Doing our job correctly will guaranty that we learn in the process and also that we will get the grade we worked for. In my case, I am writing this paper because due to wrong quotation, it was understood that used someone else information as mine. In order to avoid this in the future, students have to make sure to follow the guidelines when it comes to proper citation. It very important to have credit to whom deserves it, and that’s why double checking and practicing the properly citation its key in order to have a clean paper. Now, we have to be clear that any material that is consider as common knowledge does not have to be cited. Also, field-specific common knowledge does not need citation unless it contains facts from a specific source. As I mentioned, my case was because of wrong citing, but at the end of the day the consequences are the same as of a student stealing information an using it for an assignment. Professors take this very seriously because it is not fair to the students who spend hours working. â€Å"‘This is superior work,’ wrote a professor on a student’s paper. ‘ It was excellent when Saint Thomas Aquinas wrote it, just as it is today. Saint Thomas gets an A. You get an F†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ (Alschuler and Blimling 1995, p. 123). We must understand that dishonesty in the classroom is a serious issue, it is not just a cheating situation, it is considered for some professionals as a crime that deserves a penalty. Plagiarism can be done very easily, and it can even happen when proper citation has been done. Another way to avoid plagiarism, could be by paraphrasing and adding the name of the author; for example: â€Å"According to Carlos Santana, guitars became famous in†¦ † it is a way of giving credit and making your sentences flow in a better way. I will conclude this paper by saying that we all know what plagiarism is, by this I mean that every single student know what is good and bad and academic dishonest will end when we start being honest with ourselves, our instructors and why not, also our classmates. It is true that at time it can be difficult to complete certain assignments, but there is nothing that can’t be fixed with communication. Sending an email to out instructor or asking for help will make the learning experience better and will guide us away from plagiarizing a document. Reference: – Choi, Cohen, and Brawer. International Journal of Business and Social Science. 3rd ed. Vol. 3. N. p. : n. p. , 2012. Print – Burnard P. All your own work? Essays and the internet. Nurse Education Today. 22, 3, 187-188. (2002) – Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. 11th ed. Springfield, Mass. Merriam-Webster, Inc. ; 2003:946.

Zero Plural Definition and Examples in English Grammar

Zero Plural Definition and Examples in English Grammar In grammar, the zero plural is a  plural form of a count noun that is identical to the singular form. Also called zero [or null] morpheme. In English,  zero plural marking refers to the absence of the plural markers -s and -es. Several animal names (sheep, deer, cod) and certain nationalities (Japanese, Sioux, Taiwanese) take the zero plural in English. Examples and Observations Here are some examples from famous works: This week the debate is on an idea to let everyone fish a few cod just for food. (Mark Kurlansky, Cod: A Biography Of The Fish That Changed The World. Walker Publishing, 1997)We herd sheep, we drive cattle, we lead people. Lead me, follow me, or get out of my way. -General George S. PattonIn English, plurals of nouns are normally indicated by the ending –s or –es, or in a few cases by –en, as in children and oxen. Some vernacular varieties of English do not use plural endings in measurement phrases such as three mile and ten pound. This zero plural has a long history and was not formerly as socially stigmatized as it is today... In adjectival constructions even Standard English has no –s plural: a five-pound box of candy is acceptable, whereas a five-pounds box is not. These adjective phrases derive from an –a suffix in Old English that marked plural adjectives. This ending has long since fallen away, leaving behind the unmarked root forms. The abse nce of –s in the plural form of animal names (hunting for bear, a herd of buffalo) probably arose by analogy with animals like deer and sheep whose plurals have been unmarked since the earliest beginnings of the English language. (plural, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 2000 Im horrified of lobsters. And shrimp and lobsters are the cockroaches of the ocean. -Brooke BurkeBluefin tuna contain higher levels of mercury than other species of tuna because they live longer and, like humans, accumulate more mercury in their body tissues. (The New York Times, January 24, 2008) Zero Plurals With Numerals, Quantifiers, and Nouns of Measure [Zero plurals] include the names of some animals, particularly cod, deer, sheep; nouns denoting quantity when they are premodified by a numeral or other quantifier and particularly when they are attached to a noun head: two hundred (people), three dozen (plants), several thousand (dollars). The measure nouns foot (length unit), pound (unit of weight or of British currency), and stone (British weight unit) optionally take zero plurals: six foot two, twenty pound, fifteen stone. (Sidney Greenbaum, Oxford English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 1996)His hat, I reckon, weighed ten poundTo say the least, and Ill say, shore,His overcoat weighed fifty more. (James Whitcomb Riley, Squire Hawkinss Story)I have known when he would have walked ten mile afoot to see a good armour. (Much Ado About Nothing, Act Two, scene 3 )The foggers and cooling fans were going full blast in Jims twin five-hundred-foot-long chicken houses. (Baxter Black, Chicken House Attack. Horseshoes, Cowsocks Duckfeet. C rown Publishers, 2002)

Disabled People in the Workforce Professor Ramos Blog

Disabled People in the Workforce HuffPost Article Summary: In the article, â€Å"Disabled Individuals Bring Innovation to the Workforce† by Jay Ruderman, it discusses the positive effects of disabled people in the workforce. Unfortunately, â€Å"the unemployment rate for people with disabilities is twice the national average† (Ruderman, 2013), which really sucks because disabled have a lot to offer. Where would we be if Beethoven stopped composing music after he became deaf? Or if Roosevelt wasn’t elected to be the President of the United States? Also, because of the difficulties they’ve had to face in their daily routines, â€Å"they know how to think out-of-the-box† (Ruderman, 2013). The U.S. Department of Education has released studies that said â€Å"workers with disabilities are rated consistently as average or above average in performance, quality and quantity of work, flexibility, and attendance† (Ruderman, 2013). There also needs to be more disabled people in the workforce because the disabled population has increased by 25% and they need to make a living somehow. People with disabilities may look different than us, talk different than us, and even perform tasks different than us but just because theyre different doesnt mean that they should be thought of any less than people without disabilities. Discussion Questions: Is there a mostly positive environment for disabled workers? Will a negative environment affect their performance/the willingness to hire them?

A chance meeting and exciting news Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A chance meeting and exciting news - Essay Example A critical assessment of both options is necessary before the declaration of the decision. Primarily, the first question to address is the money issue. Is the new venture more lucrative than the current position? A critical analysis the remuneration offered here shows that for the first year, working with the partners as consultants would be more financially satisfactory. When the $50,000 is shared equally, the annual salary will be $200,000, which is $50,000 more than what Engulf and Devour are offering. However, this is only assured for the first year only. What happens in the second year if there are no clients? Regardless, comparing the $200,000 offer to the $150,000 provided by Engulf and Devour, the former seems more promising since both opportunities have various uncertainties. Taxation is a key consideration as well. With the partnership being a registered entity, the aspect of double taxation is a partner’s financial obligation. With this consideration, the payment promised by the partnership is much lower after taxation as compared what Engulf and Devour are offering. However, the partnership has a more promising financial future as compared to the job and Engulf and Devour. With the possibility of getting bigger clients, as the reputation improves, the promise of better incomes is higher in the case of the partnership as compared to the current job (Lee 109). Financial concerns are the primary concern for any aspiring entrepreneur. After the financial consideration, the next aspect to take into critical account is assessing the uncertainties of the current contract. What would happen if the contract were to be terminated before it was mature? Likewise, considering the terms of payment is equally crucial. Some clients prefer to pay after the completion of the contract, or on a monthly basis. When handling one’s own business, uncertainties are greater as compared to being employed. Assessing the

The Loyalty Effect of the Tesco Club-Card Toward its Members Essay

The Loyalty Effect of the Tesco Club-Card Toward its Members - Essay Example The marketer factor is also much considered in customer retention while with customer loyalty, the intrapersonal part of customer behaviour is the point of consideration. Moreover, many other reasons were found to prod customers to buy outside of loyalty, for example during sudden change of prices, or when there is a risk involved, or because there is no other choice(www.bestofbiz.co.uk, cited in Morgan et al., 2000). In cases where there is competition among marketers, alternatives made available to customers may make them ex-customers if they fall short of loyalty (Morgan et al., 2000). There are two approaches to defining and measuring customer loyalty as gleaned from literature. Rundle-Thiele and Bennett (2001) describe the stochastic approach as considering the concept in behavioral terms, with the deterministic approach considering it in attitudinal terms. "Stochastic" is defined as having a pattern that can be analysed statistically but not predicted precisely (Reader's Digest Great Dictionary of the English Language, 2001), while "deterministic" has something to do with the doctrine that all events and actions are determined by external forces acting on the will (Ibid). Between these two approaches, there appears little disagreement contrary to the aspect of measuring it (Rundle-Thiele and Bennett (2001). Some 30 years ago Jacoby and Kyner were said to have started the debate which is still going on up to the present time. The drawbacks of the stochastic approach are presented by O'Malley (1998) and Odin (2001). The rather narrow technical definitions of the stochastic approach "does not capture the full richness and depth of the loyalty construct," according to O'Malley (1998) For instance, it does not indicate if repeat orders come about out of habit, or due to situations obtaining, or to psychological reasons on the part of the customer. Instead of a 100 per cent loyalty to a single brand, according to O'Malley (1998) which may characterize only a few, customers tend to select from two or three brands within any product category, which have become their regular fare. On the other hand, according to Odin (2001), a customer who buys the same brand over time is loyal, but that loyalty is too complex to be understood on account of many variables that tend to recur at various times. As such, the concept of loyalty comes at a point where it divides two ways at their end points: loyalty vs. disloyalty necessitating the categorising of the customers into one of these in an arbitrary way. The determinist approach looks at loyalty more as an

How does fire frequency influence tree species diversity in the boreal Research Proposal

How does fire frequency influence tree species diversity in the boreal forest - Research Proposal Example Its unique characteristics are quickly changing as a result of human and natural pressure and this area is expected to be one of the most rapidly impacted regions of the world by the climate change that is ongoing which might lead to degradation of the Boreal eco systems in the end (Shvidenko & Apps, 2006). Canada is the largest producer and exporter of forest products with most of these products coming from the boreal forest that is there and therefore it may not come as a surprise that Canada has an advanced forest industry and also a forest management that is equally advanced. This has not stopped the forest in Canada from being significantly affected by changes that are occurring in the natural disturbances that include wild fire and insect outbreaks that have been taking place in the last few decades (Shvidenko & Apps, 2006). It is expected that the Boreal forest in particular will be vulnerable to disease, fire and competition from other tree species as the climate changes continue to be experienced and the weather gets warmer but the natural replacement in forest will take some time (Louiseize, 2005). Fire spread is not only a function of weather, but it also depends on topography, fuel load, types and spatial arrangement as well as active suppression and this therefore means that the fire spread simulations for everyday fire management require a large amount of information that is site specific (Pueyo, 2007). Being able to predict future fire activity that is related to climate change is a leap towards appreciating the future state of the Boreal ecosystem since the natural disturbances are usually controlled by the interplay between biotic and abiotic factors. Forest fire is the dominant natural disturbance that exists in Canada’s western Boreal forest where the fire regime of a particular area reflects the integration of

Encryption and network security Essay Example for Free

Encryption and network security Essay Honeynets: Observing Hackers’ Tools, Tactics and Motives in a Controlled Environment Solutions to hacker attacks are usually fixes that are developed when damage has been done. Honeynets were solely developed to catch and monitor threats (i. e. a probe, scan or attack). They are designed to gather extensive data about the threats. These data are then interpreted and used for the development of new tools to prevent actual damages to computer systems. Talabis defines a honeynet as a network of high interaction honeypots that simulates a production network and configured such that all activity is monitored, recorded and in a degree, discretely regulated. Seen below is a diagram of a typical honeynet setup as given by Krasser, Grizzard, Owen and Levine. Figure 1 A typical honeynet setup Deployment of honeynets may vary as it is an architecture. The key element of any honeynet is the honeywall. This is the command and control gateway through which all activities come and go. This separates the actual systems from the honeypot systems wherein threats are directed to intentionally. Two more elements are essential in any honeynet. These are discussed below. Data Control Data control is necessary to lessen the risks posed by the captured threats without compromising the amount of data you are able to gather. To do this, connection counting and Network Intrusion Prevention System (NIPS) are used. These are both automated data control. Connection counting limits outbound activity wherein connections beyond the limit are blocked. NIPS blocks or disables known threats before it can attack outbound. The Honeynet Project Research Alliance has defined a set of requirements and standards for the deployment of Data Control. First is the use of both manual and automated data controls. Second, there must be at least two layers of data control to protect against failure. Third, in case of failures, no one should be able to connect to the honeynet. Fourth, the state of inbound and outbound connections must be logged. Fifth, remote administration of honeynets should be possible. Sixth, it should be very difficult for hackers to detect data control. And finally, automatic alerts should be raised when a honeynet is compromised. Data Capture The Honeynet Project identifies three critical layers of Data Capture. These are firewall logs, network traffic and system activity. The data collection capabilities of the honeynet should be able to capture all activities from all three layers. This will allow for the production of a more useful analysis report. Firewall logs are created by NIPS. The Snort process logs network traffic. Snort is a tool used to capture packets of inbound and outbound honeynet traffic. The third is capturing keystrokes and encryption. Sebek is a tool used to bypass encrypted packets. Collected data is hiddenly transmitted by Sebek to the honeywall without the hacker being able to sniff these packets. Risks As with any tool, honeynets are also threatened by risks affecting its usage and effectiveness. These include the risk of a hacker using the honeynet to attack a non-honeynet system; the risk of detection wherein the honeynet is identified by the hacker and false data is then sent to the honeynet producing misleading reports; and the risk of violation wherein a hacker introduces illegal activity into your honeynet without your knowledge. Alerting As mentioned in the requirements and standards set for data control, alerts should be in place once an attack is done to your honeynet. Otherwise, the honeynet is useless. An administrator can monitor the honeynet 24/7 or you can have automated alerts. Swatch is a tool that can be used for this. Log files are monitored for patterns and when found, an alert is issued via email or phone calls. Commands and programs can also be triggered to run. Honeynet Tools Several honeynet tools are available to the public for free so they can setup their own honeynet for research purposes. These tools are used in the different elements of a honeynet. Discussed below are just three of them. Honeynet Security Console This is a tool used to view events on the honeynet. These events may be from SNORTÂ ®, TCPDump, Firewall, Syslog and Sebek logs. Given these events, you will be able to come up with an analysis report by correlating the events that you have captured from each of the data types. The tool’s website lists its key features as follows: quick and easy setup, a user-friendly GUI for viewing event logs, the use of powerful, interactive graphs with drilldown capabilities, the use of simple search/correlation capabilities, integrated IP tools, TCPDump payload and session decoder, and a built in passive OS fingerprinting and geographical location capabilities. Honeywall CDRom Roo This is the recommended tool for use by the Honeynet Project. This is a bootable CDRom containing all of the tools and functionality necessary to quickly create, easily maintain, and effectively analyze a third generation honeynet. Much like the Honeynet Security Console, this tool capitalizes on its data analysis capability which is the primary purpose of why honeynets are deployed – to be able to analyze hacker activity data. GUI is used to maintain the honeywall and to track and analyze honeypot activities. It displays an overview of all inbound and outbound traffic. Network connections in pcap format can be extracted. Ethereal, another tool, can then be used with the extracted data for a more in-depth analysis. Sebek data can also be analyzed by this tool. Walleye, another tool, is used for drawing visual graphs of processes. Although this tool may be useful already, several improvements will still have to be introduced to increase its effectiveness. Walleye currently supports only one honeynet. Multiple honeynets can be deployed but remote administration of these distributed systems still needs to be worked on. Sebek This is a tool used for data capture within the kernel. This is done by intercepting the read() system call. This hiddenly captures encrypted packets from inbound and outbound activities by hackers on the honeypot. Basically, Sebek will tell us when the hacker attacked the honeypot, how he attacked it and why by logging his activities. It consists of two components. First, a client that runs on the honeypot. Its purpose is to capture keystrokes, file uploads and passwords. After capturing, it then sends the data to the server, the second component. The server normally runs on the honeywall where all captured data from the honeypot are stored. Found below is the Sebek architecture. Figure 2 Sebek Architecture A web interface is also available to be able to analyze data contained in the Sebek database. Three features are available: the keystroke summary view; the search view; and the table view which provides a summary of all activities including non-keystroke activities. References Honeynet Security Console. Retrieved October 8, 2007 from http://www. activeworx. org/onlinehelp/hsc/hsc. htm. Krasser, S. , Grizzard, J. , Owen, H., Levine, J. (2005). The use of honeynets to increase computer network security and user awareness. Journal of Security Education, 1, 23-37. Piazza, P. (2001, November). Honeynet Attracts Hacker Attention: The Honeynet Project Set Up a Typical Computer Network and Then Watched to See What Turned Up. Security Management, 45, 34. SebekTM FAQ. Retrieved October 8, 2007 from http://www. honeynet. org/tools/sebek/faq. html. The Honeynet Project. (2005, May 12). Know Your Enemy: Honeynets. What a honeynet is, its value, and risk/issues involved. Retrieved October 8, 2007 from http://www.honeynet. org. Talabis, R. The Philippine Honeynet Project. A Primer on Honeynet Data Control Requirements. Retrieved October 8, 2007 from http://www. philippinehoneynet. org/index. php? option=com_docmantask=cat_viewgid=18Itemid=29. Talabis, R. A Primer on Honeynet Data Collection Requirements and Standards. Retrieved October 8, 2007 from http://www. philippinehoneynet. org/index. php? option=com_docmantask=cat_viewgid=18Itemid=29. Talabis, R. Honeynets: A Honeynet Definition. Retrieved October 8, 2007 from http://www. philippinehoneynet. org/index. php?option=com_docmantask=cat_viewgid=18Itemid=29. Talabis, R. The Gen II and Gen III Honeynet Architecture. Retrieved October 8, 2007 from http://www. philippinehoneynet. org/index. php? option=com_docmantask=cat_viewgid=18Itemid=29. The Honeynet Project. (2005, May 12). Know Your Enemy: GenII Honeynets. Easier to deploy, harder to detect, safer to maintain. Retrieved October 8, 2007 from http://www. honeynet. org. The Honeynet Project and Research Alliance. (2005, August 17). Know Your Enemy: Honeywall CDRom Roo. 3rd Generation Technology. Retrieved October 8, 2007 from http://www. honeynet. org.

The Bush Administrations Relation With Iraq Prior to Iraqs Invasion o

The Bush Administration's Relation With Iraq Prior to Iraq's Invasion of Kuwait Prior to the August 2, 1990 invasion of Kuwait on the part of Iraq, the United States had questionable relations with Iraq dictator, Saddam Hussein, to say the least. In retrospect, which is inherently advantageous as a 20/20 perspective, questions remain unanswered as to whether or not the United States was too appeasing to Saddam Hussein in the years, months, and days leading up to that early August morning. There remains to this day lingering questions as to the role that the US Ambassador to Iraq, April Glaspie, played in conveying the Administration's message to the Iraqi leader. In addition, questions surrounding the Administrators official policy, the calculations (or miscalculations) on the part of the State Department and other agencies within the US government, the Administrations covert plan to aid an Italian bank in illegal loans to benefit Saddam's military and the advice that the US received from other Arab nations with respect to what US relations should be with Iraq in terms of any impending border dispute, constitute a limited context of the issues that faced the Administration as it tried to deal with the leader of the largest economy of the Persian Gulf region. The Bush Administration's relations with Iraq prior to its invasion of Kuwait were clouded in a context of misperception by both states and further complicated by a lack of credibility on the part of key actors of both sides as well. This tragic sequence of events that led to the invasion of Kuwait cannot solely be attributed to personality traits or even actions by key individuals within the Administration. In retrospect, it is much more complex than that. However, the actions and public and private statements on the part of key personnel on both sides most likely contributed to the eventual invasion of Kuwait by Iraq in 1990. Since, a brief, yet modest account of the history of the events leading up to the invasion and the invasion in itself along with the regional and global actors has been offered in section A, section B will be an analysis of the role of misperception and questions of credibility with respect to key actors on both sides of the issue, from State Department officials to Saddam Hussein himself. While touching on the importance and significance of o... ..., 3/20/91 6 Glaspie, April, Opening Remarks, Hearing by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 3/20/91 7 Iraqi Government, Excerpts from Iraqi Document on Meeting with US Envoy, "The New York Times, 9/23/90, p.19 8 Sciolino, Elaine, "US Gave Iraq Little Reason Not to Mount Kuwait Assault," The New York Times, 9/23/90, p.A1 9 Sciolino, Elaine, "US Gave Iraq Little Reason Not to Mount Kuwait Assault," The New York Times, 9/23/90, p.A1 10 Sciolino, Elaine, "US Gave Iraq Little Reason Not to Mount Kuwait Assault," The New York Times, 9/23/90, p.A1 11 Sciolino, Elaine, "US Gave Iraq Little Reason Not to Mount Kuwait Assault," The New York Times, 9/23/90, p.A18 12 Sciolino, Elaine, "US Gave Iraq Little Reason Not to Mount Kuwait Assault," The New York Times, 9/23/90, p.A18 14 Friedman, Thomas, "US Explains View of Envoy to Iraq," The New York Times, 3/22/31, p.A9, col. 1 15 Sciolino, Elaine, "Envoy's Testimony on Iraq is Assailed," The New York Times, 7/13/91, p.A1, col.1 16 Sciolino, Elaine, "Envoy's Testimony on Iraq is Assailed," The New York Times, 7/13/91, p.A4, col.1 17 McAllister, J.F.O., "The Lessons of Iraq," Time, 11/2/92, pp.57-59 The Bush Administration's Relation With Iraq Prior to Iraq's Invasion o The Bush Administration's Relation With Iraq Prior to Iraq's Invasion of Kuwait Prior to the August 2, 1990 invasion of Kuwait on the part of Iraq, the United States had questionable relations with Iraq dictator, Saddam Hussein, to say the least. In retrospect, which is inherently advantageous as a 20/20 perspective, questions remain unanswered as to whether or not the United States was too appeasing to Saddam Hussein in the years, months, and days leading up to that early August morning. There remains to this day lingering questions as to the role that the US Ambassador to Iraq, April Glaspie, played in conveying the Administration's message to the Iraqi leader. In addition, questions surrounding the Administrators official policy, the calculations (or miscalculations) on the part of the State Department and other agencies within the US government, the Administrations covert plan to aid an Italian bank in illegal loans to benefit Saddam's military and the advice that the US received from other Arab nations with respect to what US relations should be with Iraq in terms of any impending border dispute, constitute a limited context of the issues that faced the Administration as it tried to deal with the leader of the largest economy of the Persian Gulf region. The Bush Administration's relations with Iraq prior to its invasion of Kuwait were clouded in a context of misperception by both states and further complicated by a lack of credibility on the part of key actors of both sides as well. This tragic sequence of events that led to the invasion of Kuwait cannot solely be attributed to personality traits or even actions by key individuals within the Administration. In retrospect, it is much more complex than that. However, the actions and public and private statements on the part of key personnel on both sides most likely contributed to the eventual invasion of Kuwait by Iraq in 1990. Since, a brief, yet modest account of the history of the events leading up to the invasion and the invasion in itself along with the regional and global actors has been offered in section A, section B will be an analysis of the role of misperception and questions of credibility with respect to key actors on both sides of the issue, from State Department officials to Saddam Hussein himself. While touching on the importance and significance of o... ..., 3/20/91 6 Glaspie, April, Opening Remarks, Hearing by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 3/20/91 7 Iraqi Government, Excerpts from Iraqi Document on Meeting with US Envoy, "The New York Times, 9/23/90, p.19 8 Sciolino, Elaine, "US Gave Iraq Little Reason Not to Mount Kuwait Assault," The New York Times, 9/23/90, p.A1 9 Sciolino, Elaine, "US Gave Iraq Little Reason Not to Mount Kuwait Assault," The New York Times, 9/23/90, p.A1 10 Sciolino, Elaine, "US Gave Iraq Little Reason Not to Mount Kuwait Assault," The New York Times, 9/23/90, p.A1 11 Sciolino, Elaine, "US Gave Iraq Little Reason Not to Mount Kuwait Assault," The New York Times, 9/23/90, p.A18 12 Sciolino, Elaine, "US Gave Iraq Little Reason Not to Mount Kuwait Assault," The New York Times, 9/23/90, p.A18 14 Friedman, Thomas, "US Explains View of Envoy to Iraq," The New York Times, 3/22/31, p.A9, col. 1 15 Sciolino, Elaine, "Envoy's Testimony on Iraq is Assailed," The New York Times, 7/13/91, p.A1, col.1 16 Sciolino, Elaine, "Envoy's Testimony on Iraq is Assailed," The New York Times, 7/13/91, p.A4, col.1 17 McAllister, J.F.O., "The Lessons of Iraq," Time, 11/2/92, pp.57-59

Infectious Disease :: science

Infectious Disease What is the stake of the American People and the Government by International Agencies to control Infectious Disease in Developing Countries? More people are at risk of infectious diseases than at any other time on history. Infectious diseases are worldwide problem requiring worldwide attention. Infectious diseases can weaken the strength of a nation's resources. In developing nations this poses even a greater threat. Diseases are threatening the economic stability of many developing nations. 50,000 people die everyday from infectious disease. Rift Valley Fever infects both livestock and humans. Rift Valley Fever is most commonly found in regions of eastern and southern Africa. It also exists in Madagascar and sub-Saharan Africa. The Bunyaviridae family includes the Rift Valley Fever disease. It is primarily spread from infected mosquitoes, who then infect animals. Generally they infect domestic animals, such as buffalo, cattle, sheep, camels and goats. Once the livestock are infected, other mosquitoes can spread the disease. It is also possible that the infection can be spread from other biting insects. The Rift Valley Fever outberak of 1997-1998 in eastern Africa killed both humans and livestock. It economically hurt trase in animals and the dairy indusrty.. the economy was crushed by trade imbargoes. Humans can get Rift Valley Fever in numerous ways. Humans can be infected from the mosquitoes or the bodily fluids of the infected animal. Contact such as slaughtering the infected animal can occur also. Symptoms include, an infuenza like illness, fever, liver abnormalities, muscle and back pain and vomitting. In the early stages of Rift Valley Fever, these symptoms are some times mistaken for meningitis. This fever may also perceive itself to be haemorrhagic fever. Fatalities occur mostly in patients who have developed haemorrhagic fever. In diagnosing Rift Valley Fever, tests have demostrated the presence of antibodies to the disease. Studies in animals have given antiviral drugs for the use of humans. Herdsman and animal workers in areas where Rift Valley Fever is present are at a greater risk of being infected. The risk of transmission can be reduced by, wearing gloves, insect repellent, the use of protective clothes, and avoiding outdoor activity during peak biting times. Surveillance is important to form effective measures for reducing the number of infections. Cholera is a diarrheal illness that is spread by contaminated water and food. It is caused by an infection of the intestine, and in many cases it can be very severe.